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Go to Editorial ManagerPolyurethane (PU) products enjoy remarkable versatility due to their tunable chemistry, segmented structure, and a wide range of mechanical properties, making them useful in flexible foam products, structural systems, and biomedical applications. However, the complex multiphase morphology and the strong interaction between reaction and processing processes make experimental characterization incomprehensible on its own. In turn, computational studies have become essential to study and design PU systems at a range of spatial and temporal scales. The current review provides an overview of simulation methodologies that are relevant to polyurethane, including atomistic molecular dynamics (MD), coarse-grained (CG), and mesoscale simulations, including dissipative particle dynamics (DPD), finite element method (FEM) modeling, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Atomistic models provide data on molecular interactions, hydrogen bonding, and thermomechanical behavior, and CG and mesoscale methods on phase separation and morphological evolution. At the bigger length scale, nonlinear mechanical response can be predicted using FEM, whereas foaming and mold-filling processes can be predicted using CFD that is coupled with reaction kinetics and population balance equations. Its focus is on multiscale modeling strategies, which combine these apparently different approaches, hence allowing the explanation of structure-property-process links. New trends and modern issues, including the integration of machine learning and tool models of digital twins, are also mentioned, highlighting new opportunities in predictive design, based on simulations, of polyurethane materials.
50W monocrystalline silicon solar module performance is tested with experimental measurements conducted at Baghdad city /Al-Jaderia (33.26 N, 44.21E). Solar irradiance striking is subjected to more losses which after the experiments conducted resulted approximately in 15% of the total energy which is converted into electric power energy. To study the effect of temperature variations on solar performance, solar irradiance must be kept constant and vice versa. Therefore, to have of the temperature range and for more accuracy, the measurements was done for tested module with three solar radiations levels; 500, 750 and 1000 W/m2. The maximum value of power (Pmax) at solar radiation intensity 1000W/m² was 46.34 W on January 2025 at cell temperature 24.1 oC, with the corresponding the maximum open voltage, and open circuit current 18.28 V, and 2.944 A respectively. The highest value of efficiency was 13.5 % January 2025 at solar radiation 500W/m². Consequently, The minimum value of power (Pmax) at solar radiation intensity 500W/m² was 27.54 W on October 2024 at cell temperature 40.5 oC, with the corresponding the maximum open voltage, and open circuit current 18.01 V, and 1.752 A respectively. The lowest value of efficiency was 6.9 % October 2024 at solar radiation 1000W/m². In general, the results showed slightly decrease in short circuit current with temperature increasing. With temperatures change great influence on the output voltage especially on open circuit voltage while very small decrease in the output current has been noticed.